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Feb. 20

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Planets: regularities If we want a picture of what the Solar System is and how it came to be, there are some things that need explaining!

  1. The planets orbit the Sun in pretty much a level plane. The most any of them stick out in their orbits is about 25o.

    For example, if you go out at night, you'll see the recently-set Sun, the Moon, Saturn, and Jupiter are all in a line! (The ecliptic.) Even Jupiter's moons line up with this line, although the telescope we use reverses top and bottom.

  2. The planets go around the Sun in the same direction

  3. The planets spin in the same direction, except for Venus, which spins in the opposite direction
  4. The spin axes of the planets--and of the Sun--all pretty much line up, although Uranus is tilted 90 degrees.

While something like Kepler's Laws turned out to result from fundamental, Universal, physical principles, these regularities of our Solar System are thought to result from history--there were forces that tended to make the Solar System the way it is. But there are also exceptions (Venus, Uranus) that prove this didn't result from a universal physical law.


Explanation -- the Solar Nebula Our current explanation is that the Sun and planets--by the way, the Sun is more than 99.8% of the mass in the Solar System!--formed from a nebula, a cloud of gas and dust.

One part of the nebula became more dense--maybe a nearby exploding star (a supernova) sent off a blast wave that compressed the gas--and then gravity started pulling things towards this center.

The conservation of angular momentum (remember, that's what makes the world go 'round!) means that any slight rotation of this nebula was magnified as gravity caused it to shrink. If parts of it were rotating in different directions, as they came together they would average out to one rotation direction--and no matter how slight, by shrinking, it would speed up, just like an ice skater bringing in arms spins faster.

So the shrinking cloud of gas starts spinning, and it also becomes a disk because orbits that are at angles tend to average out when they collide.


Jovian and Terrestrial: Why? So the planets of our solar system can be divided pretty neatly into two classes:

  1. Terrestrial planets--like the Earth, these have solid, rocky surfaces, and perhaps metal cores. The Earth is the largest of these. The terrestrial planets are the ones closest to the Sun.
  2. Jovian planets--also called "gas giants" although their interiors are often liquid. These include Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune.
Pluto doesn't fit into this classification. It's odd, and in some ways more like the icy moons of the jovian planets. It could be related to the Kuiper belt objects too.

So why are the terrestrial planets the ones cloest to the Sun, while the jovian planets are the furthest?

We have to be a little careful here, because new solar systems have been discovered in the last few years, and they are not like our own! In lab you looked at the 51 Peg system, which has a massive jovian planet within an orbit of 0.05 AU!

What we think happened was this: the inner solar system was hotter, because it was closer to the Sun. Icy materials couldn't form there, only rocks. In the outer solar system, both rocks and ice could form. Not only water ice, but also ammonia (NH3) and methane (CH4).

The thing is that 98% of the Universe is hydrogen and helium. There wasn't nearly as much of the heavier elements that go into rocks as the was of hydrogen that goes into ices. So in the outer solar system, the majority of the gas--hydrogen--could more easily form into solid bodies. That's why the more massive planets are in the outer solar system, and made mostly of light elements, not rocks.


Links
Formation of the Solar System, also something about the role of the philosopher Immanual Kant

Formation of the Solar System from a nebula

Formation of other solar systems

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